Correspondingly, the number of applications in the App Store has soared from the initial 500 in 2008 to roughly 2.22 million available applications in 2021 ( Ceci, 2022). American adults spent around 3 h and 30 min per day using mobile phones in 2019, with an increase of about 20 min from 2018, according to Zenith ( Molla, 2020). In 2020, the number of smartphone users in the United States was estimated to reach 294.15 million and will reach 311.53 million by 2025 ( O'Dea, 2021).
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Portable media devices, such as smartphones, have become an increasingly pervasive part of our lives. They can also be used to verify the successfulness of a user interface design solution in improving user experience.
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Results: Results suggest that the EEG measurements collected by MUSE 2 are not very useful as indicators of cognitive workload changes in our setting, eye movement measurements collected by Tobii Pro Nano with mobile testing accessory are useful for monitoring cognitive workload fluctuations and tracking down interface design issues in a smartphone setting, and more specifically, the maximum pupil diameter is the preeminent indicator of cognitive workload surges.ĭiscussion: In conclusion, the pupil diameter measure combined with other subjective ratings would provide a comprehensive user experience assessment of mobile applications. Methods: This study used mixed methods to empirically study the reliability of an eye-tracking device (i.e., Tobii Pro Nano) and a low-cost electroencephalogram (EEG) device (i.e., MUSE 2) for detecting real-time cognitive workload changes during N-back tasks. The reliability of some devices on a smartphone setting has not been thoroughly evaluated. Such measurements do not reflect the real-time workload fluctuation during the procedures. A significant limitation of subjective measures is that they can only assess the overall, subject-perceived cognitive workload after the procedures/tasks have been completed. Moreover, limited studies that have examined the cognitive workload aspect often measured some summative workloads using subjective measures (e.g., questionnaires).
Introduction: Despite the importance of cognitive workload in examining the usability of smartphone applications and the popularity of smartphone usage globally, cognitive workload as one attribute of usability tends to be overlooked in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) studies.
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